The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Harvard University
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, the oldest and the most amply endowed institution of learning in the United States, situated in Cambridge, 3 m. W. of Boston, Mass. Six years after the first settlement of this region by the English the following entry appears on their records, under date of Oct. 28, 1636: “The court agreed to give 400l. towards a schoale or colledge, whearof 200l. to bee paid the next yeare, and 200l. when the worke is finished, and the next court to appoint wheare, and what building.” The next year the court ordered that the college should be at “Newetowne,” and designated the governor and deputy governor, with ten others, including the principal laymen and ministers of the colony, among whom were John Cotton and John Winthrop, to have charge of the undertaking. Under date of March 13, 1639, it was “ordered, that the colledge agreed upon formerly to bee built at Cambridg shal bee called Harvard Colledge.” By the change of the name Newtown to Cambridge it was designed to honor the famous English university, of which some of the early settlers were graduates, and the name Harvard was given to the institution in recognition of the liberal endowment of about £700 left by the will of the Rev. John Harvard in 1638. It is doubtful whether the original grant of £400 was ever actually paid. It is certain that the project for a college lay in abeyance until the bequest of Harvard at once initiated the necessary measures. In 1638 a class began a course of study in the college under Nathaniel Eaton. The first class graduated, in 1642, consisted of nine members. Efforts were made to educate a few of the aborigines as teachers of their own race, but only one Indian was ever graduated. In 1642 the general government of the college and the management of its funds were vested in a board of overseers, consisting of “the governor and deputy governor for the time being, and all the magistrates of this jurisdiction, together with the teaching elders of the six next adjoining towns—viz., Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester—and the president of the said college.” In 1650 the general court granted a charter to the college, under which it became a corporation with the title of the “President and Fellows of Harvard College,” consisting of the president, five fellows, and a treasurer or bursar, to have perpetual succession by the election of members to fill vacancies. In October, 1680, by order of the general court, the ferry between Boston and Charlestown was granted to the college. The town of Cambridge gave several parcels of land, as did other public bodies and private individuals. The legislatures of the colony, province, and state of Massachusetts made grants, in early times regular ones annually, to pay the salary of the president, and to aid in the support of some one or two other officers or teachers in the college, as also occasional gifts for special purposes; while lotteries were chartered to obtain money for building some of the older college halls. The last grant made to the college from the public treasury was in 1814. When a constitution was framed for the commonwealth in 1780 the perpetual enjoyment of all their vested rights and powers was secured to the president and fellows of Harvard college, and the council and senate were made the successors of the magistrates in the board of overseers as constituted in 1642. The organization of the board of overseers, under the direction of the legislature, underwent various changes until 1865, when the connection of the college with the commonwealth was dissolved, and the control of the university was vested in its alumni. Besides the president and treasurer of the university, who are ex officio members, the board consists of 30 members, divided into six classes, of five each, who after a term of six years go out of office in rotation, five overseers being elected by the alumni each year. The first election of overseers by the alumni was held in Cambridge on commencement day in 1866. Only inhabitants of the state are eligible as members of the board, and no alumnus is “entitled to vote for overseers before the fifth annual election after the graduation of his class.” The first degree of D. D. ever granted by the institution was conferred upon Increase Mather in 1692. A few years later Harvard college received the first of a series of munificent gifts from the Hollis family, including some valuable books. In 1764 the library was destroyed by fire, and about 6,000 volumes were lost, including all of Harvard's books except one, the oriental collection bequeathed by Dr. Lightfoot, and the Greek and Roman classics presented by Bishop Berkeley. Harvard has had presidents, as follows:
| NAMES. | Term of service. |
| Henry Dunster | 1640-1654 |
| Charles Chauncy | 1654-1672 |
| Leonard Hoar | 1672-1675 |
| Uriah Oakes | 1675-1682 |
| John Rogers | 1682-1684 |
| Increase Mather | 1685-1701 |
| Samuel Willard (acting) | 1701-1707 |
| John Leverett | 1708-1724 |
| Benj. Wadsworth | 1725-1737 |
| Edward Holyoke | 1737-1769 |
| Samuel Locke | 1770-1773 |
| Samuel Langdon | 1774-1780 |
| Joseph Willard | 1781-1804 |
| Samuel Webber | 1806-1810 |
| John Thornton Kirkland | 1810-1828 |
| Josiah Quincy | 1829-1846 |
| Edward Everett | 1846-1849 |
| Jared Sparks | 1849-1853 |
| James Walker | 1853-1860 |
| Cornelius Conway Felton | 1860-1862 |
| Thomas Hill | 1862-1868 |
| Charles William Eliot | 1868 |
Matthews Hall (showing also Massachusetts, Harvard, and Hollis Halls).
—The external administration of the university
is vested in two separate boards, viz., the
president and fellows, known also as the corporation
of Harvard college, and the overseers.
The latter body has undergone various changes
in its organization, but its general powers and
duties are the same as those conferred by the
act of 1642, giving the board “full power and
authority to make and establish all such
orders, statutes, and constitutions as they shall
see necessary for the instituting, guiding, and
furthering of the said college, and the several
members thereof, from time to time, in piety,
morality, and learning;” and “also to dispose,
order, and manage” all the funds and property
of the institution. The “corporation,”
consisting of the president and treasurer of the
university and five fellows, is vested with the
right to acquire and to hold property and to
sue and to be sued. With this board originate
all nominations to office in the university, as
well for filling vacancies in its own body, as for
president, professors, and other officers of
instruction. Its action, however, is subject to
the approval of the board of overseers. The
functions of these two governing bodies extend
to all the professional and special schools of the
university. The internal government of the
institution is administered by the president,
deans, and faculties composed of officers of
instruction. Besides the dean and faculty of the
college proper, each professional department
has a dean and special faculty; but the president
of the university is the president of each
of the faculties. In 1870 the office of dean of
the college faculty was created to relieve the
president of a portion of his duties.
Appleton Chapel.
—The
university lands in various parts of Cambridge
comprise about 60 acres. The college yard
contains about 15 acres, tastefully laid out and
adorned by many stately old elms. Here,
forming a large quadrangular enclosure, are
clustered 15 extensive buildings, of brick or
stone, from two to five stories high. Hollis,
Stoughton, Holworthy, Grays, Thayer, Weld,
and Matthews halls, the last three erected since
1870, are exclusively dormitories, which, with
College house and Holyoke house, on the opposite
side of the street from the college grounds,
have accommodations for nearly 700 students.
The remaining buildings include Massachusetts
hall, erected in 1720, Holden chapel, and
Harvard, University, and Boylston halls, all
devoted to recitation, lecture, and examination
rooms, offices, and laboratories; Appleton
chapel, with seats for 900; Gore hall, containing
the library; and Dane hall for the law school;
besides several residences occupied by the
president and professors. In the near vicinity
of the college yard are the gymnasium, the
scientific and mining schools, the divinity
school, and the museum of comparative zoölogy.
About three fourths of a mile N. W. of
the college group is the botanical garden,
containing a valuable herbarium, and near it the
observatory. On the delta near the college
yard stands Memorial hall, erected by the
alumni and friends of the college in commemoration
of the students and graduates of the
university who died in the national service
during the civil war. It is constructed from
designs by Ware and Van Brunt of Boston, of
red and black brick, with copings and window
tracery of Nova Scotia stone, and is 310 ft.
long by 115 ft. wide. The interior comprises
three grand apartments: dining hall, 164 by 60
ft., and 80 ft. high, capable of seating 1,000
persons; memorial vestibule, 112 by 30 ft., and
60 ft. high; and the academic theatre. The
dining hall, said to be the grandest college hall
in the world, will be used for college festivals,
and probably by the Thayer club, an organization
supported and managed by students for
the purpose of obtaining board at cost. The
great west window, 23 ft. wide and 30 ft. high,
will be filled with stained glass, as will also
in course of time the 36 side windows.
Between the dining hall and the academic theatre,
which is not yet completed, is the memorial
vestibule, surmounted by a tower 200 ft. high.
The interior is surrounded by an arcade of
black walnut, with marble tablets inscribed
with the names of the 120 students commemorated,
and the date and place of their death.
The walls above are simply decorated in color,
with Latin inscriptions, mostly taken from
the poets. At either end are large windows
tilled with stained glass. The estimated cost
of the entire structure is $575,000.
Gore Hall.
—Besides
the college proper, the university comprises
the divinity school, law
school, medical school,
dental school, Lawrence
scientific school, school
of mining and practical
geology, Bussey institution
of agriculture and
horticulture, observatory,
botanic garden and
herbarium, and
Peabody museum of American
archæology and
ethnology; and is
connected with the
museum of comparative
zoölogy. All of these
are in Cambridge except
the medical and dental
schools, which are in
Boston, and the Bussey
institution, which is in
Jamaica Plain. A
notice of the Episcopal,
theological school in
Cambridge appears in the catalogue of the
university, but there is no connection between
the two institutions.
Memorial Hall.
—During the past few
years many radical changes have been made
in the courses of study in the college, with
a view of perfecting a system of instruction
which by its elasticity and thoroughness will
best accommodate itself to the widely
varied tastes and abilities of different students.
The preparatory course of study, pursued in
schools having no connection with the university,
has also undergone
a marked revision, in
consequence of the
changes in the requirents
for admission to
hhe college, the aim of
the faculty being that
the best preparatory
training shall be afforded
to young men, up to
an average age of 18,
who intend to pursue
non-professional studies
for four years or more.
Since 1874 candidates
have been required to
pass an examination in
one of two courses of
study, the selection
being optional with the
applicant. Each course
embraces 14 subjects
(including subdivisions)
which are substantially
the same in both, viz.: Latin, Greek,
mathematics, ancient history and geography, modern
and physical geography, and English composition.
In one course, however, classical studies
predominate, and in the other mathematical
and physical. Besides these, there are optional
examinations in the classics, mathematics, and
physics, for the accommodation of those who
desire to be admitted to advanced standing
in these, or to pursue elective studies in other
departments. In addition to the above, applicants
for admission in 1875 and thereafter will
required to translate “easy French prose at
sight,” with the option of substituting German;
and in 1876 requirements in elementary
science will be added, the applicant having a
choice among the subjects of botany, physics
and chemistry, and descriptive astronomy.
Two examinations for admission are held, one
the beginning and the other at the close of
the academic year. In view of the recently
added requirements for admission, and to
enable students to enter college at the average
of 18, candidates may divide the admission
examination into two, separated by an interval
of not less than an academic year. The
academic year, which is the same for all
departments of the university, extends from the
last Thursday of September to the last
Wednesday of June, with a vacation of two weeks
at the winter holidays. The studies pursued
in the academic department are classified into
prescribed and elective; the former occupy
le whole of the freshman year and about
one third of the sophomore and junior years.
The studies of the freshman year are Greek,
Latin, mathematics, German, ethics, and
chemistry, 16 hours a week being devoted to
recitations. In the sophomore and junior years
the required studies are elementary, embracing
in the former physics, rhetoric, themes,
history, and elementary French for those who
have not passed a satisfactory examination in
that language at the beginning of the year;
and in the latter logic, psychology, and a
portion of the course in rhetoric, as well as of that
in themes and forensics. In the senior year
only certain written exercises belong to the
required course. Numerous courses of elective
studies are provided for students in the sophomore,
junior, and senior years, who may also
choose any of the prescribed studies in the
course upon condition of being qualified to
pursue them. The elective studies embrace
the following courses: 1, the classics, including,
besides Latin and classical Greek,
ecclesiastical Greek, Hebrew, and Sanskrit; 2,
modern languages, including the Anglo-Saxon,
and early English, modern Greek, German,
French, Romance philology, Italian, and Spanish;
3, philosophy; 4, history; 5, political
science; 6, mathematics; 7, physics, including
chemistry; 8, natural history; 9, music.
In addition to the prescribed studies, every
sophomore is required to pursue four courses
chosen by himself from the elective studies,
with at least two exercises a week each, every
junior three courses with three exercises a
week each, and every senior four courses with
three exercises a week each. Sophomores and
juniors may be relieved from pursuing any of
the required studies of those years by passing
an examination in such studies at the beginning
of the year. It will thus be seen that the
opportunity is afforded to students of pursuing
the ordinary collegiate course, or of concentrating
their study upon a limited number of
subjects. Examinations in writing are required
in every study at the end of the year, besides
similar examinations on nearly every subject in
the middle of the year. A large portion of
the instruction is given by lectures. A system
of special honors, classified as “honors”
and “second-year honors,” has recently been
established for the encouragement of those
who wish to attain distinction in special
departments of study. The former are awarded
at the close of the college course to such
students as prove by examination exceptional
proficiency in any one of the following
courses: classics, modern languages, philosophy,
history, mathematics, physics (including
chemistry), and natural history. Candidates
for honors in the classics or in mathematics
must have previously taken second-year honors
in the same department. Second-year honors
in the classics and in mathematics are awarded
to sophomores and juniors upon special
examination. The honors awarded are stated in
the diploma. The degree of bachelor of arts
conferred by Harvard university has been
graded as the ordinary degree and the degree
with distinction. In the latter case the
distinction is indicated in the diploma by the
words cum laude; to obtain this the candidate
must have attained 80 hundredths of
the maximum mark for the whole college
course, or 87 hundredths of that for the junior
and senior years combined. The necessary
expenses of an undergraduate during the
academic year range from $400 to $650, the
tuition being $150. Pecuniary aid afforded to
students removes the necessity of any leaving
college through indigence. Ninety-two
scholarships varying in their annual income from
$40 to $350 have been established, and the
number is rapidly increasing. More than
$20,000 from this source is gratuitously distributed
each year among the undergraduates, the
preference being given to those ranking highest
as scholars. From other beneficiary funds
about $750 is annually distributed in gratuities
ranging from $50 to $100. There is also
a loan fund, the annual interest of which,
amounting to more than $2,000, is lent to
students in sums ranging from $50 to $150,
payable at their option. Besides the above,
students may derive an income from acting as
monitors; the various monitorships amount to
about $1,200 a year. Twenty-three prizes,
yielding annually $895 in sums from $15 to
$100, are open to undergraduates.—In the
divinity school are two professorships of theology,
one of ecclesiastical history, one of New
Testament criticism and interpretation, and
one of Hebrew, besides a lectureship on Biblical
literature. Bachelors of arts are admitted
without examination; others are required to
pass an examination in Latin and the Greek
text of the gospels. The full course occupies
three years, on the completion of which the
degree of bachelor of divinity is conferred only
upon examination. The necessary expenses
are about $300 a year. There are nine
scholarships, yielding $1,695 annually, in sums
ranging from $125 to $260, and nearly $3,000 from
other funds is annually distributed among the
students. The course of study in the law
school occupies two years. There are no
requirements for admission except that the
applicant, if not a college graduate, must be at
least 19 years old. But an examination is
required for admission to an advanced portion
of the course in the case of candidates for a
degree. Instruction is given by recitations,
lectures, and moot courts, by three full
professors, an assistant professor, and several
lecturers. The cost of tuition for the first year
that a student is a member of the school is
$150, for the second $100, and for any subsequent
year $50. Eight scholarships, of the
annual value of $100 each, are assigned at the
beginning of each academic year to students who
have been in the school the whole of the
preceding year, and intend to remain throughout
the ensuing year. Prior to 1871-'2 the degree
of bachelor of laws was conferred upon all who
had been enrolled as students a year and a half;
it can now be obtained only upon examination.
In the Lawrence scientific school courses of
instruction are provided for three classes of
persons: 1, those desiring the ordinary
practical education in engineering and science; 2,
those preparing to be teachers; 3, those desiring
advanced instruction in science preparatory
to the degree of doctor of philosophy or
doctor of science. The instruction preparatory
to the degrees of civil engineer and bachelor
of science comprises a four years' course
in civil and topographical engineering, and
three years' courses in practical and theoretical
chemistry, in natural history, and in
mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The teachers'
course embraces one year's study in the
elements of natural history, chemistry, and physics.
Instruction for candidates for the doctor's
degree and other advanced students is
provided in physics, chemistry, zoölogy, botany,
and mathematics. Candidates for admission
to any one of the regular courses leading to
the degree of civil engineer or bachelor of
science must be examined; but no examination
is required for admission to the teachers'
course, or that for advanced students. The
degree of civil engineer is conferred after
examination upon students who have completed
the course in civil and topographical engineering.
To obtain the degree of bachelor of
science the student must have attended the
school for at least one year, have completed
the course of studies in one or more departments,
and pass the examination. The course
of study pursued and the grade of merit are
specified in the degree, the three grades being
indicated by cum laude, magna cum laude, and
summa cum laude. The tuition fee for any of
the courses in the scientific school is $150 a
year. There are four scholarships yielding
annually $150 each. The full course in the
school of mining and practical geology occupies
four years, on the completion of which
degree of mining engineer is conferred after
examination. In the case of candidates for
this degree an examination for admission to
the school is held. Instruction in practical
astronomy and the use of astronomical instruments,
including the spectroscope, is given at
the observatory by the director and three
assistants. In 1871 a complete revolution in
the system of instruction was made in the
Harvard medical school. The new plan went
into effect at the beginning of the academic
year 1871-'2, and up to this time (1874) this
institution has stood alone in its efforts to
introduce this radical reform into the system of
medical education in the United States. Under
the new system instruction is given by lectures,
recitations, clinical teaching, and practical
exercises distributed throughout the academic
year. This extends from the last of September
to the last of June, and is divided into two
equal terms. The course of instruction occupies
three years, beginning with the fundamental
subjects of anatomy, physiology, and
chemistry in the first year, and proceeding
systematically through all the recognized branches
of a good medical education. In the important
subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemistry,
and pathological anatomy, obligatory
laboratory work is substituted for or added to
the usual didactic lectures. Instead of the
customary oral examination for the degree
of doctor of medicine held at the end of the
course, a series of written examinations on all
the main subjects of medical instruction is
distributed for regular students through the
entire course. Other students may pass all of
those examinations together at the end of the
course. Besides being obliged to pass the
required examinations and present a thesis, every
candidate for a degree must be 21 years of
age, and must have studied medicine three
years and attended this school for one year.
The cost of tuition is $200 a year. A special
course is provided for graduates in medicine
desiring advanced instruction. The marked
diminution in the number of students which
attended the introduction of this change has
been followed by a rapid annual increase
in the number of applicants for admission.
The dental school affords, by lectures, recitations,
and practical demonstrations, a complete
course of instruction in the theory and practice
of dentistry. Courses of study are
provided in anatomy, physiology, chemistry,
surgery, operative and mechanical dentistry, and
dental pathology and therapeutics. The
academic year is divided into two equal terms.
Attendance during the winter term only is
required for graduation. The degree of doctor
of dental medicine is conferred upon those
candidates of adult age who have pursued their
professional studies three years under competent
instructors, and attended two courses in
this institution, and who pass the required
examination. Attendance upon one course of
lectures in another dental or medical school
may be substituted for the first course in this
school. The tuition fee is $110 for the winter
term, or $150 for the year. The school of
agriculture and horticulture, established in
execution of the trusts created by the will of
Benjamin Bussey, affords thorough instruction
in agriculture, useful and ornamental gardening,
and stock raising. The regular course of
study to be pursued by candidates for a degree
occupies three years, and embraces instruction
in physical geography, meteorology, geology,
chemistry and physics, botany, zoölogy, and
entomology, in levelling and road building, and
in French and German. The studies of the
first year are pursued at the Lawrence scientific
school in Cambridge; those of the remaining
two years at the Bussey institution near
Jamaica Plain. The museum of comparative
zoölogy was founded in 1859, with Agassiz as
director, in which position he continued until
his death in 1873. It is under the direction
of the faculty, while the property is held by
the trustees, who also appoint the director;
the assistants are appointed by the faculty.
The extensive collections are open to visitors
every day except Sunday. Instruction in
natural history is given by the director and 11
assistants. The building of the museum
contains 10 distinct working laboratories.
Connected with the museum of comparative
zoölogy is the Anderson school of natural history
on Penikese island, one of the Elizabeth group,
about 16 m. S. W. of Cape Cod. This
institution was founded by John Anderson of New
York as a summer school of natural history,
and was opened in 1873 under the personal
supervision of Prof. Agassiz. (See
Elizabeth Islands.) The Peabody museum of American
archæology and ethnology was founded by the
late George Peabody, who gave $150,000 for
that purpose. The object of the founder was the
formation and preservation of collections in
archæology and ethnology, and to afford instruction
in those departments. No building has yet
been erected for a museum, and no organization
except the board of trustees has been effected;
but large collections pertaining to archæology
and ethnology have been made.—Besides those
already mentioned, the degrees of master of
arts, doctor of science, and doctor of philosophy
(Ph. D.) are conferred in accordance with
the regulations adopted at the beginning of the
year 1872-'3. Prior to that time the latter
two degrees had not been conferred by this
university, while that of master of arts could
be obtained by any Harvard graduate after a
period of three years from graduation, by paying
a fee of $5. These degrees are now
conferred only upon written examinations, and
in conformity with specified regulations as to
residence, graduation, &c.; the aim being to
encourage young men to devote one or more
years to liberal study after obtaining the
bachelor's degree. The degrees of master of arts
and doctor of philosophy are open only to
bachelors of arts; those who have not
graduated at Harvard must prove that the course
pursued by them is equivalent to the requirements
for the bachelor's degree in this
university, or must pass such additional
examinations as the faculty may prescribe. To
become a master of arts, the candidate, after
taking the bachelor's degree, is required to pursue
for at least one year at the university an
approved course of study, and to pass an
examination on that course. This degree is also
conferred upon graduates of the law or divinity
school of Harvard university who are at the
same time bachelors of arts, and who pass an
examination in a course of study in law or
theology after pursuing that course one year at
the university. A university residence of at
least two years is required of the candidate for
the degree of doctor of science, who, besides
being a bachelor of science, must also have
pursued during three years an approved course
of scientific study embracing at least two
subjects, and must sustain an examination in those
studies. Only a two years' course, however,
is required of students who are both bachelors
of arts and bachelors of science of Harvard
university. The degree of doctor of philosophy
is conferred upon those who, after taking the
degree of A. B., pursue at the university for
two years an approved course of liberal study
in any of the following departments: philology,
philosophy, history, political science,
mathematics, physics, and natural history.
Candidates are further required to pass a thorough
examination on that course and present a
satisfactory thesis. The fee for the examination
for the degree of master of arts is $30, and for
that of doctor of philosophy or doctor of
science, $60. All the elective courses of study
in Harvard college are open to graduates of
other colleges on payment of the fees. For
male students, and for candidates for the
advanced degrees, the fees range from $50 a year
for three hours of instruction a week, to $120
for six hours. For the encouragement of a
more thorough scholarship than is acquired by
undergraduates, six fellowships for graduates
have been established, each of which has an
income large enough to support a student.
Four of them are so far free from restrictions
that students while holding them may pursue
their studies either in this country or in
Europe. No distinction is made as to color or
age in the admissions to Harvard college, but
women are excluded. A system of examinations
for women has however been adopted,
the first of which was held in June, 1874. A
general or preliminary examination in
English, French, physical geography, botany or
physics, mathematics, history, and German,
Latin, or Greek, is held for those not less
than 17 years old. The advanced examination
is for women not less than 18 years old who
have passed the preliminary examination. It
comprises five departments, languages, natural
science, mathematics, history, and philosophy,
in one or more of which the candidate may
present herself. The function of the university
is limited to preparing the examination papers,
examining the work of the candidates, recording
its results, and giving certificates to those
who pass. The examinations may be held in
any city or town. The preliminary examination
continues during seven days. A fee of
$15 for the preliminary and $10 for the
advanced examination is required.—The various
libraries of the university contain 200,000
volumes, distributed as follows: college, 136,000;
botanical garden, 4,000; divinity school,
16,000; law school, 15,000; Lawrence scientific
school, 3,000; medical college, 2,000; museum
of comparative zoölogy, 5,000; observatory,
3,000; society libraries of students, 16,000.
The university has no funded property from
the public treasury, but has always depended
upon the revenues from students and the gifts
of individuals, which have far surpassed in
number and magnitude those made to any
other American institution of learning. No
value is reported for the lands and buildings
used for college purposes, and the various
collections, libraries, apparatus, works of art, &c.
The total investments of the college in 1873
were stated by the treasurer at $2,765,110, of
which $1,854,372 was productive and yielded
an annual income of $133,676. The total
number of officers of instruction in the
university in 1873-'4, exclusive of librarians,
proctors, &c., was 110, including 50 professors,
25 assistant professors, 12 lecturers, 5 tutors,
11 instructors, and 12 assistants. In the
college proper there were 18 professors, 15
assistant professors, 5 tutors, 4 instructors, and
8 assistants. The whole number of students
was 1,174, including 35 candidates for higher
degrees and 10 resident graduates. Of the 706
undergraduates, 217 were in the freshman, 170
in the sophomore, 155 in the junior, and 164
in the senior class. The following statement
indicates the number of instructors and pupils
in the different departments of the university,
the same instructors in some instances being
counted in two departments:
| DEPARTMENTS. | Professors. | Assistant professors. |
Other instructors. |
Total of instructors. |
Students. |
| Academic department | 18 | 15 | 17 | 50 | 706 |
| Bussey institution | 3 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 3 |
| Dental school | 5 | 4 | 4 | 13 | 31 |
| Divinity school | 5 | .. | 1 | 6 | 22 |
| Lawrence scientific school | 10 | 4 | 8 | 22 | 42 |
| Law school | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 188 |
| Medical school | 10 | 5 | 13 | 28 | 175 |
| Museum of comparative zoölogy | .. | .. | .. | 12 | .. |
| School of mining | 9 | 1 | .. | 10 | .. |
The total number of instructors in all departments
has increased from 45 in 1865-'6 to 110
in 1873-'4, the number of students from 936 to
1,174, and the number of volumes in the libraries
from 165,000 to 200,000. In the college
proper during that period the number of
instructors has increased from 22 to 50, the
number of students from 413 to 706, the library
from 110,000 to 136,000 volumes, and the
number of scholarships from 41 to 92.
According to the triennial catalogue of 1872, the
university had conferred 12,175 degrees,
including 596 honorary. The number of graduates
from the college was 8,330, of whom 3,088
were living; 2,036 students had graduated
from the medical, 1,720 from the law, 428
the theological, 183 from the scientific,
39 from the dental, and 4 from the mining
school.—See “A History of Harvard University,”
from 1636 to 1776, by Benjamin Peirce
(1833); “The History of Harvard University,”
Josiah Quincy (1840); “A Sketch of the
History of Harvard College,” by Samuel Atkins
Eliot (1848); and “Biographical Sketches
Graduates of Harvard University” (1642-'58),
by John Langdon Sibley (vol. i., 1873).